Alternative LIFO method (ALM): Measures inflation based on comparing current & prior period’s invoice costs; Item definition is specific to each vehicle/VIN, meaning inflation must be calculated for each vehicle, not just by make or type (car, truck, SUV)
Pros
Historically created more inflation & tax deferral than IPIC method until 2020
IRS safe harbor method & used by many auto dealers since its inception
Cons
Inflation calculation is materially more burdensome than IPIC since invoice costs must be compared on a vehicle-by-vehicle basis
Interim estimates take more time than IPIC method since inflation is measured by invoice cost
Year end calculations require more turnaround time since inflation data typically isn’t available until after year end
Typically materially higher outsourcing costs than IPIC method
IPIC method: Measures inflation by using Bureau of Labor Statistics Consumer/Producer Price Indexes (BLS CPI/PPI); Item definition are the BLS categories, which is New cars, New trucks, SUVs & minivans, Used vehicles & Parts
Pros
Inflation calculation is materially less burdensome since inventory breakdowns by 3 – 5 BLS categories are used, which precludes the need to utilize invoice costs to calculate inflation
IRS safe harbor method & has grown exponentially in popularity over the last three years
Interim estimates can be easily performed on demand since they can be made using the most recent BLS index release
Year end calculations can be completed more quickly than ALM calculations since an appropriate month other than the year end month can be used to complete inflation calculation (i.e. November PPI can be used for December year end)
Typically materially lower outsourcing costs than ALM
Cons
Prior to pandemic, creased less inflation & tax deferral than ALM
Most auto dealerships used the alternative LIFO method (ALM) up until the pandemic
Many auto dealers also excluded used vehicles from LIFO election scope up until the pandemic
Many auto dealers either elected LIFO using IPIC or changed to the IPIC method in 2020 – 2021 for the following reasons:
2021 CPI New vehicle inflation was 12% compared to 1% – 4% ALM inflation, which afforded the opportunity for dealers to avoid most or all LIFO recapture that would otherwise have occurred under ALM
CPI Used vehicle inflation in 2021 was 37% & parts inflation was 11% which afforded dealers ability to expand LIFO election scope to include used vehicles/parts & further maximize LIFO tax benefits
2022 inflation environment is as follows:
IPIC method
12M ended Oct. ‘22 IPIC CPI inflation is 8% – 10% for new vehicles, 2% for used vehicles & 12% for parts (see next slide)
12M ended Nov. ‘22 IPIC PPI inflation is 2% for cars, 7% for trucks/SUVS/minivans & 4% for parts (BLS does not publish separate new vs. used PPIs unlike CPI, so a single PPI is used for new/used cars & new/used trucks, SUVs & minivans)
New vehicle ALM
Non-domestic manufacturers: Average is 3%, but has been as low as 1% & as high as 4%
Domestic manufacturers: Average is around 6%, but has been as low as 3% & as high as 10%
Used vehicle ALM: Unknown, but likely to be deflation
Opportunities & Strategies for Dealers on LIFO
Depending on ALM inflation, switch to IPIC method from ALM could create materially higher tax benefits on new vehicles, especially for imported vehicles
Tax benefits could be maximized by expanding LIFO election scope to include used vehicles and/or parts and switching to IPIC method
Opportunities & Strategies for Dealers not on LIFO
Many years worth of LIFO tax deferral can be obtained in election year by adopting in 2022 with inflation being at or near record highs, and election can be made using the lowest administrative burden & outsourcing costs
Tax benefits from LIFO can be maximized by including used vehicles and/or parts in election scope
Opportunities & Strategies for All dealers
If switching to IPIC method & only new vehicles are to be included in election scope, CPI should be used since the inflation for new vehicles is higher than PPI
If electing LIFO or switching to IPIC method and including used vehicles and/or parts in election scope, CPI or PPI could be used depending on the appropriate months selected and proportion of new vs. used vehicles inventories & cars vs. SUVs/Trucks/minivans/crossovers balances
Quick LIFO Expense Formula Analysis for incorporating IPIC method estimate into P12 financial statements:
Input #1: Estimated prior year inventory balance at cost for all goods to be included in LIFO election scope for 2022 year end
Input #2: Estimated current year CPI/PPI inflation rate for all goods to be included in LIFO election scope for 2022 year end
IPIC LIFO expense calculation example for P12 financial statement estimate:
2021 year end inventory balance at cost for new vehicles, used vehicles & parts: $10M
2022 year end estimated CPI/PPI inflation for all goods: 7%
2022 year end IPIC LIFO expense (LIFO reserve increase) for P12 financial statement estimate: $10M * 7% = $700K
Estimated LIFO value must be reported on Period 12 financial statements issued to external parties (OEM’s, floorplan lenders, banks/creditors, shareholders/owners)
Actual LIFO value must be reported on Period 13 financial statements issued to external parties
Conformity should be considered top priority as IRS considers violating this rule to be grounds for terminating election
Use of IPIC method streamlines incorporating LIFO into P12/P13 financial statements since all that’s required to perform interim estimate & final calculation are balances by vehicle type
When using IPIC method, P12 2022 estimated LIFO value can be incorporated into year end financial statements as early as December 9th/13th since November CPI/PPI are released on those dates
When using IPIC, 12M ended November PPI can be used to complete final LIFO calculation to facilitate quick close & incorporating actual LIFO value into P13 financial statement (BLS releases November ’22 indexes on December 9th/13th)
IRS forms filing
IRS Form 970 Application to use LIFO Inventory Method & statement must be prepared and attached to tax return
No Form 3115 is filed for first-time elections since Form 970 serves as a special purpose Form 3115
Implications of submethods selected for initial election & potential future changes
Election year Submethods selections are considered first-time elections
IPIC method & ALM are both safe-harbor methods, meaning:
IRS has allowed for changes to/from IPIC & ALM to be automatic approval changes that are applied on a cutoff basis (prospectively; no §481A adjustment required nor permitted)
Certain changes within IPIC & ALM are also considered automatic approval change and can be made as soon as the second year on LIFO, such as change to/from CPI to PPI
Dealers already on LIFO
First-time changes to IPIC method and/or LIFO election scope expansions
For dealers expanding election scope to include used vehicles and/or parts, P12 financial statements MUST SHOW ESTIMATED LIFO VALUES FOR BOTH NEW AND USED VEHICLES
P12 2022 estimated LIFO value using IPIC method should be incorporated into P12 year end financial statements NOWif expanding election scope to include used vehicles or parts to ensure LIFO conformity rule compliance
Current period inventory balances or estimated year end balances & year to date or 12M ended October/November CPI/PPI can be used as an easy way to quickly incorporate LIFO estimate into P12 statements
12M ended October/November PPI can be used to complete final LIFO calculation to facilitate quick close & incorporating final LIFO value using actual year end balances by type into P13 financial statement
Change from ALM to IPIC method is automatic approval change & is applied prospectively
Change to IPIC method requires for Form 970/3115 to be prepared, which is attached to tax return (
Subsequent changes following making a switch to IPIC method
Once the switch to IPIC from ALM is made, taxpayer must wait five years until a change back to the ALM can be made under automatic change procedures
For dealers switching from ALM to IPIC, a switch can be made from CPI to PPI or PPI to CPI as soon as the second year using the IPIC method (but must wait five years following changing between CPI/PPI for the first time)
All dealers
Vast majority of dealers who elected/switched to IPIC method in 2021 used CPI because CPI used vehicles inflation was 37% & provided far more inflation/tax benefits than PPI (PPI inflation was 2% – 4% in 2021)
In 2022, all dealers who elected/switched to IPIC method in 2022 & will include used vehicles and/or parts in election scope should use PPI since used vehicles will have between 2% – 6% inflation under PPI, but would have deflation under CPI
Historical PPI inflation rates & frequency has been more favorable than CPI from a tax perspective, so despite the CPI inflation being much better than PPI in 2021, the 2022 & long-term inflation/tax benefits from LIFO using PPI can be expected to be more favorable & less volatile than CPI (especially for used vehicles)
LIFOPro offers free IPIC LIFO Benefit Analysis for auto dealers considering changing to IPIC method or electing LIFO, and will facilitate expedited turnaround to use your analysis results as the estimated LIFO estimate figure on P12 financial statement
For dealers on LIFO, analysis includes the following:
Comparative IPIC CPI vs. Alternative LIFO method calculation results, including estimated tax deferral/savings from switch
Breakdowns of including new vehicles only vs. expanding scope to include used vehicles and/or parts & using CPI vs. PPI
For dealers electing LIFO, analysis includes the following:
Potential tax deferral/savings you could achieve from electing LIFO
How LIFO Works Appendix (includes details on practical application of LIFO for first-time users), implementation steps & turnkey outsourcing solutions fee quote
Benefit analysis documentation requirements:
Breakdown of current & prior period’s inventory balances at cost by the following types:
New cars
New SUVs, trucks, vans & crossovers
Used cars
Used SUVs, trucks, vans & crossovers
Parts
How to Get Started
Request your complimentary IPIC LIFO Benefit Analysis using one of the following methods:
Recipients will receive free analysis/case study PDF report & fee quote via email within one week of questionnaire submittal, but expedited turnaround time as soon as same day can be accommodated upon request
Benefit analysis will include outsourcing fee quote
LIFOPro offers turnkey outsourcing solutions to manage all aspects of your company’s LIFO calculation, including:
Year end LIFO calculation & 3 interim estimates
LIFOPro PDF report package providing comprehensive calculation documentation
IRS Forms preparation, including:
Auto dealers on LIFO: IRS Forms 970 & 3115 – both Forms are required to be filed & attached to 2022 year end tax return for switch from ALM to IPIC method
Auto dealers electing LIFO: IRS Form 970 Application to Use LIFO Method
Estimated turnkey outsourcing solutions fee ranges are as follows (dependent on number of dealerships inventory balance)
First year, including IRS Form 3115/970 preparation & three interim estimates: $1,000 – $5,000
Recurring annual service fee (optional) including three interim estimates: $400 – $2,000
LIFOPro offers volume discounts to CPA firms engaging LIFOPro directly on behalf of their clients
LIFOPro also licenses the LIFOPro software to CPA firms who wish to automate calculating LIFO in-house for their clients
LIFOPro facilitates fast turnaround to accommodate quick-closes and to ensure LIFOPro report package is delivered in time to incorporate estimated & final LIFO values required to be included on P12/P13 financial statements
Get educated on the Inventory Price Index Computation (IPIC) method, including the origins, advantages & disadvantages, calculation procedures, options & much more!
Learn about LIFO opportunities abound for CPA firms, how to increase the scope of your LIFO offerings & learn how to easily identify good LIFO candidates!
Learn how the IPIC LIFO Method works, find valuable Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) links and stay up to date on all changes related to the IPIC Method!
Learn about LIFOPro’s past roles in partnering with companies & CPA firms to deliver great value by finding solutions to the most challenging LIFO issues!
The Inventory Price Index Computation (IPIC) method allows taxpayers to use published external indexes to calculate inflation for the purpose of valuing LIFO inventories.
Supermarkets face LIFO calculation issues unique to the industry. Find out why & answers to how they are dealt with Special Challenges for Supermarkets page.
Why the Double-extension LIFO Index Calculation Method is Unreliable
Facts describing why the double-extension LIFO index calculation method is unreliable and examples proving how this method creates unpredictable results.
Find recent important changes & BLS addition of Table 9 Wherever-provided Services & Construction PPI Indexes & Important Change in PPI Code Structure page.
Find information on CPI Category Changes & Bureau of Labor Statistics Consumer Price Index update information such as new medical commodity codes here!
Learn IRS Regulations Requirements for missing PPI Indexes, procedures for reassigning discontinued PPI Categories at LIFO-PRO’s PPI Category Changes page.
Producer Price Index Usage by Supermarkets to Increase Tax Deferral
Learn how drugs, non-foods & food/beverage indexes cause increase LIFO tax benefits at our PPI Index Usage by Supermarkets to Increase Tax Deferral page.
Switching from the double-extension to link-chain method? Want to achieve higher possible inflation indexes? Learn more at the IPIC LIFO Advantages page.
Request a software trial, LIFO Election Benefit Analysis, Best LIFO Practices Methods Review or cost estimate. All of our requests are complimentary & free of obligation!
Accounting and financial professionals who work with LIFO need to understand the jargon associated with LIFO. Below are a number of LIFO-related terms.
Get answers to who should use the LIFO method, how much LIFO may benefit your company or client & good LIFO candidates by industry & principal business activity along with historical inflation data.
